GRANT

Description

Grants one or more privileges on specific objects to a user or a role.

Grants roles to users or other roles.

For more information about the privileges that can be granted, see Privilege items.

After a GRANT operation is performed, you can run SHOW GRANTS to view detailed privilege information or run REVOKE to revoke a privilege or role.

Before a GRANT operation is performed, make sure that the related user or role has been created. For more information, see CREATE USER and CREATE ROLE.

tip

• Only users with the user_admin role can grant any privilege to other users and roles.
• After a role is granted to a user, you must run SET ROLE to activate this role before you perform operations as this role. If you want all default roles to be activated upon login, run ALTER USER or SET DEFAULT ROLE. If you want all privileges in the system to be activated for all users upon login, set the global variable SET GLOBAL activate_all_roles_on_login = TRUE;.
• Common users can only grant privileges that have the WITH GRANT OPTION keyword to other users and roles.

Syntax

Grant privileges to roles or users

System

GRANT
    { CREATE RESOURCE GROUP | CREATE RESOURCE | CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG | REPOSITORY | BLACKLIST | FILE | OPERATE | CREATE STORAGE VOLUME } 
    ON SYSTEM
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Resource group

GRANT
    { ALTER | DROP | ALL [PRIVILEGES] } 
    ON { RESOURCE GROUP <resource_group_name> [, <resource_group_name >,...] ｜ ALL RESOURCE GROUPS} 
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Resource

GRANT
    { USAGE | ALTER | DROP | ALL [PRIVILEGES] } 
    ON { RESOURCE <resource_name> [, < resource_name >,...] ｜ ALL RESOURCES} 
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Global UDF

GRANT
    { USAGE | DROP | ALL [PRIVILEGES]} 
    ON { GLOBAL FUNCTION <function_name>(input_data_type) [, <function_name>(input_data_type),...]    
       | ALL GLOBAL FUNCTIONS }
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Example: GRANT usage ON GLOBAL FUNCTION a(string) to kevin;

Internal catalog

GRANT
    { USAGE | CREATE DATABASE | ALL [PRIVILEGES]} 
    ON CATALOG default_catalog
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

External catalog

GRANT
   { USAGE | DROP | ALL [PRIVILEGES] } 
   ON { CATALOG <catalog_name> [, <catalog_name>,...] | ALL CATALOGS}
   TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Database

GRANT
    { ALTER | DROP | CREATE TABLE | CREATE VIEW | CREATE FUNCTION | CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW | ALL [PRIVILEGES] } 
    ON { DATABASE <database_name> [, <database_name>,...] | ALL DATABASES }
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

• You must first run SET CATALOG before you run this command.
• For databases in an External Catalog, you can grant the CREATE TABLE privilege only on Hive (since v3.1) and Iceberg databases (since v3.2).

Table

-- Grant privileges on SPECIFIC TABLES.
  GRANT
    { ALTER | DROP | SELECT | INSERT | EXPORT | UPDATE | DELETE | ALL [PRIVILEGES]}
    ON TABLE <table_name> [, < table_name >,...]
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

-- Grant privileges on ALL TABLES in a specific database or all databases.
  GRANT
    { ALTER | DROP | SELECT | INSERT | EXPORT | UPDATE | DELETE | ALL [PRIVILEGES]}
    ON ALL TABLES IN { { DATABASE <database_name> } | ALL DATABASES }
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

• You must first run SET CATALOG before you run this command.

• You can also use <db_name>.<table_name> to represent a table.

• You can grant the SELECT privilege on all tables in Internal and External Catalogs to read data from these tables. For tables in Hive and Iceberg Catalogs, you can grant the INSERT privilege to write data into such tables (supported since v3.1 for Iceberg and v3.2 for Hive)

  GRANT <priv> ON TABLE <db_name>.<table_name> TO {ROLE <role_name> | USER <user_name>}

View

GRANT  
    { ALTER | DROP | SELECT | ALL [PRIVILEGES]} 
    ON { VIEW <view_name> [, < view_name >,...]
       ｜ ALL VIEWS} IN 
           { { DATABASE <database_name> } | ALL DATABASES }
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

• You must first run SET CATALOG before you run this command.

• You can also use <db_name>.<view_name> to represent a view.

• For tables in an External Catalog, you can only grant the SELECT privilege on Hive table views (since v3.1).

  GRANT <priv> ON VIEW <db_name>.<view_name> TO {ROLE <role_name> | USER <user_name>}

Materialized view

GRANT
    { SELECT | ALTER | REFRESH | DROP | ALL [PRIVILEGES]} 
    ON { MATERIALIZED VIEW <mv_name> [, < mv_name >,...]
       ｜ ALL MATERIALIZED VIEWS} IN 
           { { DATABASE <database_name> } | ALL DATABASES }
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

• You must first run SET CATALOG before you run this command.

• You can also use <db_name>.<mv_name> to represent an mv.

  GRANT <priv> ON MATERIALIZED VIEW <db_name>.<mv_name> TO {ROLE <role_name> | USER <user_name>}

Function

GRANT
    { USAGE | DROP | ALL [PRIVILEGES]} 
    ON { FUNCTION <function_name>(input_data_type) [, < function_name >(input_data_type),...]
       ｜ ALL FUNCTIONS} IN 
           { { DATABASE <database_name> } | ALL DATABASES }
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

• You must first run SET CATALOG before you run this command.

• You can also use <db_name>.<function_name> to represent a function.

  GRANT <priv> ON FUNCTION <db_name>.<function_name>(input_data_type) TO {ROLE <role_name> | USER <user_name>}

User

GRANT IMPERSONATE
ON USER <user_identity>
TO USER <user_identity_1> [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Storage volume

GRANT  
    { USAGE | ALTER | DROP | ALL [PRIVILEGES] } 
    ON { STORAGE VOLUME < name > [, < name >,...] ｜ ALL STORAGE VOLUMES} 
    TO { ROLE | USER} {<role_name>|<user_identity>} [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

Grant roles to roles or users

GRANT <role_name> [,<role_name>, ...] TO ROLE <role_name>
GRANT <role_name> [,<role_name>, ...] TO USER <user_identity>

Examples

Example 1: Grant the privilege to read data from all tables in all databases to user jack.

GRANT SELECT ON *.* TO 'jack'@'%';

Example 2: Grant the privilege to load data into all tables of database db1 to role my_role.

GRANT INSERT ON db1.* TO ROLE 'my_role';

Example 3: Grant the privileges to read, update, and load data into table tbl1 of database db1 to user jack.

GRANT SELECT,ALTER,INSERT ON db1.tbl1 TO 'jack'@'192.8.%';

Example 4: Grant the privilege to use all the resources to user jack.

GRANT USAGE ON RESOURCE * TO 'jack'@'%';

Example 5: Grant the privilege to use resource spark_resource to user jack.

GRANT USAGE ON RESOURCE 'spark_resource' TO 'jack'@'%';

Example 6: Grant the privilege to use resource spark_resource to role my_role.

GRANT USAGE ON RESOURCE 'spark_resource' TO ROLE 'my_role';

Example 7: Grant the privilege to read data from table sr_member to user jack and allow user jack to grant this privilege to other users or roles (by specifying WITH GRANT OPTION).

GRANT SELECT ON TABLE sr_member TO USER jack@'172.10.1.10' WITH GRANT OPTION;

Example 8: Grant system-defined roles db_admin, user_admin, and cluster_admin to user user_platform.

GRANT db_admin, user_admin, cluster_admin TO USER user_platform;

Example 9: Allow user jack to perform operations as user rose.

GRANT IMPERSONATE ON USER 'rose'@'%' TO USER 'jack'@'%';

Best practices

Customize roles based on scenarios

We recommend you customize roles to manage privileges and users. The following examples classify a few combinations of privileges for some common scenarios.

Grant global read-only privileges on StarRocks tables

-- Create a role.
CREATE ROLE read_only;
-- Grant the USAGE privilege on all catalogs to the role.
GRANT USAGE ON ALL CATALOGS TO ROLE read_only;
-- Grant the privilege to query all tables to the role.
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE read_only;
-- Grant the privilege to query all views to the role.
GRANT SELECT ON ALL VIEWS IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE read_only;
-- Grant the privilege to query all materialized views and the privilege to accelerate queries with them to the role.
GRANT SELECT ON ALL MATERIALIZED VIEWS IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE read_only;

And you can further grant the privilege to use UDFs in queries:

-- Grant the USAGE privilege on all database-level UDF to the role.
GRANT USAGE ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE read_only;
-- Grant the USAGE privilege on global UDF to the role.
GRANT USAGE ON ALL GLOBAL FUNCTIONS TO ROLE read_only;

Grant global write privileges on StarRocks tables

-- Create a role.
CREATE ROLE write_only;
-- Grant the USAGE privilege on all catalogs to the role.
GRANT USAGE ON ALL CATALOGS TO ROLE write_only;
-- Grant the INSERT and UPDATE privileges on all tables to the role.
GRANT INSERT, UPDATE ON ALL TABLES IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE write_only;
-- Grant the REFRESH privilege on all materialized views to the role.
GRANT REFRESH ON ALL MATERIALIZED VIEWS IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE write_only;

Grant read-only privileges on a specific external catalog

-- Create a role.
CREATE ROLE read_catalog_only;
-- Grant the USAGE privilege on the destination catalog to the role.
GRANT USAGE ON CATALOG hive_catalog TO ROLE read_catalog_only;
-- Switch to the corresponding catalog.
SET CATALOG hive_catalog;
-- Grant the privileges to query all tables and all views in the external catalog.
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE read_catalog_only;

tip

For views in external catalogs, you can query only Hive table views (since v3.1).

Grant write-only privileges on a specific external catalog

You can only write data into Iceberg tables (since v3.1) and Hive tables (since v3.2).

-- Create a role.
CREATE ROLE write_catalog_only;
-- Grant the USAGE privilege on the destination catalog to the role.
GRANT USAGE ON CATALOG iceberg_catalog TO ROLE read_catalog_only;
-- Switch to the corresponding catalog.
SET CATALOG iceberg_catalog;
-- Grant the privilege to write data into Iceberg tables.
GRANT INSERT ON ALL TABLES IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE write_catalog_only;

Grant admin privileges on a specific database

-- Create a role.
CREATE ROLE db1_admin;
-- Grant ALL privileges on the destination database to the role. This role can create tables, views, materialized views, and UDFs in this database. And it also can drop or modify this database.
GRANT ALL ON DATABASE db1 TO ROLE db1_admin;
-- Switch to the corresponding catalog.
SET CATALOG iceberg_catalog;
-- Grant all privileges on tables, views, materialized views, and UDFs in this database to the role.
GRANT ALL ON ALL TABLES IN DATABASE db1 TO ROLE db1_admin;
GRANT ALL ON ALL VIEWS IN DATABASE db1 TO ROLE db1_admin;
GRANT ALL ON ALL MATERIALIZED VIEWS IN DATABASE db1 TO ROLE db1_admin;
GRANT ALL ON ALL FUNCTIONS IN DATABASE db1 TO ROLE db1_admin;

Grant privileges to perform backup and restore operations on global, database, table, and partition levels

• Grant privileges to perform global backup and restore operations:

  The privileges to perform global backup and restore operations allow the role to back up and restore any database, table, or partition. It requires the REPOSITORY privilege on the SYSTEM level, the privileges to create databases in the default catalog, to create tables in any database, and to load and export data on any table.

  -- Create a role.
  CREATE ROLE recover;
  -- Grant the REPOSITORY privilege on the SYSTEM level.
  GRANT REPOSITORY ON SYSTEM TO ROLE recover;
  -- Grant the privilege to create databases in the default catalog.
  GRANT CREATE DATABASE ON CATALOG default_catalog TO ROLE recover;
  -- Grant the privilege to create tables in any database.
  GRANT CREATE TABLE ON ALL DATABASES TO ROLE recover;
  -- Grant the privilege to load and export data on any table.
  GRANT INSERT, EXPORT ON ALL TABLES IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE recover;

• Grant the privileges to perform database-level backup and restore operations:

  The privileges to perform database-level backup and restore operations require the REPOSITORY privilege on the SYSTEM level, the privilege to create databases in the default catalog, the privilege to create tables in any database, the privilege to load data into any table, and the privilege export data from any table in the database to be backed up.

  -- Create a role.
  CREATE ROLE recover_db;
  -- Grant the REPOSITORY privilege on the SYSTEM level.
  GRANT REPOSITORY ON SYSTEM TO ROLE recover_db;
  -- Grant the privilege to create databases.
  GRANT CREATE DATABASE ON CATALOG default_catalog TO ROLE recover_db;
  -- Grant the privilege to create tables.
  GRANT CREATE TABLE ON ALL DATABASES TO ROLE recover_db;
  -- Grant the privilege to load data into any table.
  GRANT INSERT ON ALL TABLES IN ALL DATABASES TO ROLE recover_db;
  -- Grant the privilege to export data from any table in the database to be backed up.
  GRANT EXPORT ON ALL TABLES IN DATABASE <db_name> TO ROLE recover_db;

• Grant the privileges to perform table-level backup and restore operations:

  The privileges to perform table-level backup and restore operations require the REPOSITORY privilege on the SYSTEM level, the privilege to create tables in corresponding databases, the privilege to load data into any table in the database, and the privilege to export data from the table to be backed up.

  -- Create a role.
  CREATE ROLE recover_tbl;
  -- Grant the REPOSITORY privilege on the SYSTEM level.
  GRANT REPOSITORY ON SYSTEM TO ROLE recover_tbl;
  -- Grant the privilege to create tables in corresponding databases.
  GRANT CREATE TABLE ON DATABASE <db_name> TO ROLE recover_tbl;
  -- Grant the privilege to load data into any table in a database.
  GRANT INSERT ON ALL TABLES IN DATABASE <db_name> TO ROLE recover_db;
  -- Grant the privilege to export data from the table you want to back up.
  GRANT EXPORT ON TABLE <table_name> TO ROLE recover_tbl;     

• Grant the privileges to perform partition-level backup and restore operations:

  The privileges to perform partition-level backup and restore operations require the REPOSITORY privilege on the SYSTEM level, and the privilege to load and export data on the corresponding table.

  -- Create a role.
  CREATE ROLE recover_par;
  -- Grant the REPOSITORY privilege on the SYSTEM level.
  GRANT REPOSITORY ON SYSTEM TO ROLE recover_par;
  -- Grant the privilege to load and export data on the corresponding table.
  GRANT INSERT, EXPORT ON TABLE <table_name> TO ROLE recover_par;

For the best practices of multi-service access control, see Multi-service access control.